Author: lindamayoux

  • Print on Demand

     

     

     

    Photobooks

     

     

    Whether or not you intend to produce a book to present your photographs for Assignment
    Five, suppose for this exercise that you will. During this exercise you’ll familiarise yourself
    with a print-on-demand application and experiment with a book design.You don’t need to place an order for the book for this exercise.

    If you don’t already have one, set up an account with a print-on-demand service, such as
    Blurb. (You don’t have to use Blurb, but whichever company you use must offer the option
    of saving your book layout draft as a pdf document.) You’ll need to download Blurb’s Booksmart software from their site. This application is fairly intuitive.

    Import the photos you’ve made so far for Assignment Five into the new project.
    Experiment with layout, text, titles and captions; when you’re satisfied with a draft, save it
    as a pdf. If you’re using Blurb the pdf will be watermarked with their logo but this doesn’t
    matter. If you’re keeping your learning log online, link this document into a blog post. If
    you’re keeping a hard copy log, print the pdf on regular printer paper.

    Make some brief notes about how you found working with the software and briefly evaluate
    your rough book design, describing any particular design choices and noting any influences
    in terms of other books that inspired you.

    If you’re thinking about producing a book for your self-directed project, you may want to
    email the pdf or send a link to it to your tutor for their comments.

  • On-line Exhibitions

    Task
    An online audio-visual piece doesn’t necessarily have to be the piece of art in itself, but may simply be part of the ‘presence’ of the work, put together to promote it, possibly to coincide with an exhibition or publication, or to help generate interest more speculatively. 

    A post by Sharon Boothroyd on WeAreOCA discusses a piece of work that is particularly relevant both to our discussions on contemporary landscape photography and the slideshow format. The sequence in question was designed to be the exhibition. Read the post and if you have any comments of your own, add them and include a link in your learning log.

    Looking at the Land: 21st Century American Views.

    This is a photo slideshow without sound curated for Flakphoto by Andy Adams. See discussion in Post by Sharon Boothroyd on WeAreOCA and student comments.

    This slideshow actually left me completely cold. Maybe I missed something here. I was unsure why any of these images had been chosen compared to the on-line collections of images of American photographers I looked at in Part 2 of this course: Landscape as a Journey, Nor could I understand why they were sequenced the way they were. The display as photos confirmed this sense.

    I found many other on-line slideshows that I consider more effective in their impact, see my post:

    Time-based audio-visual presentations

     

  • Photobooks: design and publishing

    Print-on-demand and self-publishing

    The expansion on print-on-demand services now makes self-publishing fairly straightforward. These enable direct sales through companies like Amazon at price mark-ups decided by the photographer. There are a number of services on offer that I looked at:

    Review of options: https://www.cnet.com/news/best-and-worst-photo-book-making-websites-for-you/

    But the one I chose – it is UK-based and offers the most flexibility together with full integration with Adobe CC Lightroom and InDesign is

    This was very competitive on pricing with frequent price reduction deals once you are signed up. Shipping from Netherlands keeps postal costs reasonably low (will Brexit add taxes????) – though it is still more cost-effective to wait and order multiple publications. Blurb has teamed up with Adobe to enable easy compilation of books using plug-ins for Lightroom and InDesign. Blurb has its own software, but this offers less flexibility to edit images as they have to be sized, cropped and processed before they are laid out. The greatest flexibility for editing of the images is given in Lightroom. InDesign allows for much more sophisticated layouts of tiff images that can then be edited in Photoshop.

    However the choice of book format and size, and paper stock is still limited compared to professional book publishing services.

    Professional bookbinders

    Bookbinding is a very specialist craft. Professional bookbinders can offer a range of quality services: mixing paper stocks, customised endpapers, gatefold pages and matching slipcases and boxes. A professional bookbinder can offer advice on materials and other design aspects, such as how easy it will be to physically open your book with your particular choice of paper, and how far your image needs to be printed from the gutter to be viewed properly, for example.

    For an overview of different types of binding see

    http://design.zemniimages.info/4-materials-and-process/binding/  (to be fully developed)

    Book design issues

    Some points to consider when designing or evaluating

    • Rationale: What is the purpose of the book? What is the main concept? Who is it for? Why do you want to present your work in a book? Is the book format really the most suitable medium in which to present your work? A badly printed or poorly designed book of your photographs will not be as well received as a simpler portfolio of good quality prints.
    • Selection and Editing: Edit your work strictly before even considering the layout.  Do all the images sit comfortably next to each other. Do any seem out of place? Can this be resolved, or should they be omitted?
    • Sequencing: Sequencing is paramount: consider how certain images relate to each other (graphically as well as in terms of the ‘connotations’ of an image, or the juxtaposition of images within the sequence).
    • Text: Will you use text? What will you say? Will the text complement and reinforce the images, or challenge the viewer through contrast or contradiction?
    • Typeface What typeface and style will you use? Pay as much attention to the words and their layout as you do to your photographs. Your choice of typeface communicates a lot about how you want your photographs to be read.

    Book Module in Lightroom

    Webinar from Blurb

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JySgrXenVCk

    Using InDesign series of videos

    Adobe InDesign gives much more control over layout and also links to Blurb, or can be exported to pdf for other Print on Demand services.

    For more discussion see my Book Design blog (to be completed by May 2017):

    http://design.zemniimages.info/principles-and-process/typography/

    http://design.zemniimages.info/principles-and-process/images/

  • Photobooks: Inspiration

    Types of Photobook

    Surveys and catalogues
    • catalogues for exhibitions
    • ‘Survey’ publications draw together a collection of individual images or a group of practitioners working in a similar area. Some surveys seem more didactic or directed at the art market, such as 50 Photographers You Should Know (2008), Vitamin Ph: New Perspectives in Photography (2009), reGeneration: 50 Photographers of Tomorrow (2005) and reGeneration 2: Tomorrow’s Photographers Today (2010).
    Monographs and artists’ books Monographs are mass-produced (relatively speaking), but often they are the primary context for the photographic work. A monograph published to coincide with an exhibition of an artist’s work may  draw together several different bodies of work, but it will be devoted to one practitioner alone. An artist’s book may be produced in editions, but is generally more individual in terms of its design, the materials used and the printing technique or finish. Some may be printed, stencilled, stitched and embossed by the maker themselves. Others will be a collaboration with a professional bookbinder and a graphic designer. Early photobooks Many of these were topographic images for travel and tourism.
    • Francis Frith photographs from travels to Middle and Far East
    • John Thomson photographs from travels to Middle and Far East
    • Maxime Du Camp (1822–94)
    • Auguste Salzmann (1824–72)
    • Josiah Dwight Whitney (1819–96) published The Yosemite Book in 1868.
    Some developed more innovative design
    • Soviet and Fascist propaganda books with novel design features, such as fold-out pages that extend the dimensions of an image

    Inspiration

    I have a large collection, but not had time to look through or properly review apart from getting some layout ideas.

    Colour

    • Martin Parr: documentary photographer. Some of his works have been mass produced and re-printed (e.g. The Last Resort, 1986 and 1998); others have been limited editions or even more exclusive artist’s books such as Cherry Blossom Time in Tokyo, 2001. See: www.martinparr.com/books/. Layout in Last Resort has one, or very occasionally two, large images per spread, with white margin around and no border. This focuses attention on the content of the socially complex saturated colour images. There is a short introductory text at the beginning.
    • Paul Seawright : Invisible Cities a very large hardback book of colour images. Some images are full bleed crossing the whole spread, sometimes with some space to one side or top/bottom. Other spreads have only one half page image generally placed full bleed to one corner with the rest of the spread as white space. There is a text introduction to African cities at the beginning.
    • Urbex ‘Beauty in Decay’ this has beautiful limited palette images . The book is divided into chapters with some introductory text. But the book is mostly large images with  whitespace. Some images and spreads are on black background. A few text passages are on beige background. Some have black or white boders and vignettes to increase contrast.

    Black and white

    • Daido Moriyama  Tales of Tono – small portrait format book of very high contrast black and white images. Full bleed in landscape across a double spread on black background. This makes the abstract flashes of white shapes in the often barely readable images standout. Text is reserved for a narrative section at the end. I like the moodiness of this book and all the images demand close attention in themselves, as well as producing an overall edgy impression as a apparently random narrative.
    • Algirdas Seskus ‘Love Lyrics’ Lithuanian 149 contrasty documentary Black and White images in landscape format. No text except the number of each photo and date. One or two large images per spread. No border with generous white margin.
    • Arunas Baltenas  Vilnius  2007 images from 1987. Small misty sepia images one per spread with no border and lots of white space. Delicate handwritten titles and date. One page introduction in English and Lithuanian at the beginning. No other text. I find the delicate nostalgia of this book really beautiful.
    • Henri Cartier Bresson in India  Thames and Hudson. 1987 with forward by Bengali film director Satyajit Ray. One large black and white photo per page with short caption. Black border on white paper. Occasionally one large and one small. The images themselves are quite low contrast. The black border makes the eye focus inwards.
    At the Brighton Photography Biennial I saw a lot of interesting innovative designs, but did not have time to note all the details.
    • David Galjaard Concresco. A book about Albania. Has a brown opening cover with short explanatory text. Then  double page spreads with small white text insert pages. For this and other work see his website: http://www.davidgaljaard.nl
    • Dara McGrath ‘Deconstructing the Maze’  This has two coloured photographs on one side and page of text on the other. The strength here is in the photos. For this and other work see his website http://www.daramcgrath.com/index.html
    • Xavier Ribas  ‘Concrete Geographies’.  Photos of concrete blocks in Barcelona. See his website: http://www.xavierribas.com. This has inside views and links to vimeos of other books like Sanctuary – no text, one photo per spread. Sometimes a cross-over image. But the onscreen resolution is not good enough to really see the images.
    • Alessandro Rota A Neocolonialist’s diary.  Small paisley pattern cover. Coloured photos of sheets in Lusaka. Dark night streets. Lights. See his website . And vimeo of the book. https://vimeo.com/28099164
    • Irene Siragusa ‘Six weeks in Dublin’.   Lots of photos of spattered blood. Small juxtaposed rectangular images. website
    Unknown author/title glimpsed over other peoples’ shoulders:
    • Book with glued images folded.
    • Aids (author???).  Small and simple brown cover. Photos of slits one on a page opposite a blank page.

     Sources and overviews

    • The Photobook: A History, Volumes I,  ll and III Gerry Badger and Martin Parr
    • The Chinese Photobook: Martin Parr and Wassink Lundgren from the Photographer’s Gallery exhibition
    • Japanese Photobooks of the 1960s and ’70s Ryuichi Kaneko and Ivan Vartanian
    • Channels on YouTube and Vimeo with videos of certain books;
    • Tate video about William Klein which shows his assistant with one of Klein’s early maquettes:
    •  José Navarro discussing OCA students’ photobooks
    OCA Student links Joe Wright

    Assignment 5: Perspectives on Kyrgyztstan

    ————————————-

    Photobooks offer a tactile one-to-one viewing experience for the reader were they control the place and time.  Photographer/designer can give detailed narrative guidance through the images by linear sequencing and juxtaposition in page layout. At the same time, the reader is freer to override this design and establish their own viewing experience.

    !! Rough notes and links. !! To be significantly updated for assessment with detailed

    Photobook Key Inspiration

    https://illustration.zemniimages.info/martin-parr
    https://illustration.zemniimages.info/alec-soth

    !! Sketchbook analysis of page design and layout of key sources of inspiration. bearing in mind copyright issues.

    Photobook History

    Early photobooks

    Many of these were topographic images for travel and tourism.

    • Francis Frith photographs from travels to Middle and Far East
    • John Thomson photographs from travels to Middle and Far East
    • Maxime Du Camp (1822–94)
    • Auguste Salzmann (1824–72)
    • Josiah Dwight Whitney (1819–96) published The Yosemite Book in 1868.

    Some developed more innovative design

    • Soviet and Fascist propaganda books with novel design features, such as fold-out pages that extend the dimensions of an image
    • Japanese Photobooks
    Colour
    • Martin Parr: documentary photographer. Some of his works have been mass produced and re-printed (e.g. The Last Resort, 1986 and 1998); others have been limited editions or even more exclusive artist’s books such as Cherry Blossom Time in Tokyo, 2001. See: www.martinparr.com/books/. Layout in Last Resort has one, or very occasionally two, large images per spread, with white margin around and no border. This focuses attention on the content of the socially complex saturated colour images. There is a short introductory text at the beginning.
    • Paul Seawright : Invisible Cities a very large hardback book of colour images. Some images are full bleed crossing the whole spread, sometimes with some space to one side or top/bottom. Other spreads have only one half page image generally placed full bleed to one corner with the rest of the spread as white space. There is a text introduction to African cities at the beginning.
    • Urbex ‘Beauty in Decay’ this has beautiful limited palette images . The book is divided into chapters with some introductory text. But the book is mostly large images with  whitespace. Some images and spreads are on black background. A few text passages are on beige background. Some have black or white boders and vignettes to increase contrast.
    https://illustration.zemniimages.info/martin-parr
    https://illustration.zemniimages.info/urbex
    Black and white
    • Daido Moriyama  Tales of Tono – small portrait format book of very high contrast black and white images. Full bleed in landscape across a double spread on black background. This makes the abstract flashes of white shapes in the often barely readable images standout. Text is reserved for a narrative section at the end. I like the moodiness of this book and all the images demand close attention in themselves, as well as producing an overall edgy impression as a apparently random narrative.
    • Algirdas Seskus ‘Love Lyrics’ Lithuanian 149 contrasty documentary Black and White images in landscape format. No text except the number of each photo and date. One or two large images per spread. No border with generous white margin.
    • Arunas Baltenas  Vilnius  2007 images from 1987. Small misty sepia images one per spread with no border and lots of white space. Delicate handwritten titles and date. One page introduction in English and Lithuanian at the beginning. No other text. I find the delicate nostalgia of this book really beautiful.
    • Henri Cartier Bresson in India  Thames and Hudson. 1987 with forward by Bengali film director Satyajit Ray. One large black and white photo per page with short caption. Black border on white paper. Occasionally one large and one small. The images themselves are quite low contrast. The black border makes the eye focus inwards.

    !! Insert annotated sketchbook pages of Flatpans of these and other selected photobooks.

    Contemporary Photobooks

    At the Brighton Photography Biennial 2016 I saw a lot of interesting innovative designs:

    • David Galjaard Concresco. A book about Albania. Has a brown opening cover with short explanatory text. Then  double page spreads with small white text insert pages. For this and other work see his website: http://www.davidgaljaard.nl
    • Dara McGrath ‘Deconstructing the Maze’  This has two coloured photographs on one side and page of text on the other. The strength here is in the photos. For this and other work see his website http://www.daramcgrath.com/index.html
    • Xavier Ribas  ‘Concrete Geographies’.  Photos of concrete blocks in Barcelona. See his website: http://www.xavierribas.com. This has inside views and links to vimeos of other books like Sanctuary – no text, one photo per spread. Sometimes a cross-over image. But the onscreen resolution is not good enough to really see the images.
    • Alessandro Rota A Neocolonialist’s diary.  Small paisley pattern cover. Coloured photos of sheets in Lusaka. Dark night streets. Lights. See his website . And vimeo of the book. https://vimeo.com/28099164
    • Irene Siragusa ‘Six weeks in Dublin’.   Lots of photos of spattered blood. Small juxtaposed rectangular images. website

    Unknown author/title glimpsed over other peoples’ shoulders:

    • Book with glued images folded.
    • Aids (author???).  Small and simple brown cover. Photos of slits one on a page opposite a blank page.

    !! Insert annotated sketchbook pages of Flatpans of these and other selected photobooks.

    Photobook How To

    https://photography.zemniimages.info/photobooks-publishing/

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJCLNKoZ8gE

    https://youtu.be/OxlgFLIfOSE

     Sources and overviews

    To do a proper annotated bibliography of a selection of the many photobooks I have in my library. Linked to the annotated sketchbook analysis.

    • The Photobook: A History, Volumes I,  ll and III Gerry Badger and Martin Parr
    • The Chinese Photobook: Martin Parr and Wassink Lundgren from the Photographer’s Gallery exhibition
    • Japanese Photobooks of the 1960s and ’70s Ryuichi Kaneko and Ivan Vartanian
    • Channels on YouTube and Vimeo with videos of certain books;
    • Tate video about William Klein which shows his assistant with one of Klein’s early maquettes:
    •  José Navarro discussing OCA students’ photobooks
  • What are Artist’s Statements?

    An artist’s statement is sometimes referred to as a ‘statement of intent’. It can be seen as a marketing device, or simply as a means of describing practitioners’ interests. They:

    • vary in terms of their length and the details they cover.
    • may relate to a specific body of work or it may talk about practice more generally. probably contains information about any training (art college or other qualifications or experience relevant to their practice) and prizes, grants or awards that the artist has won, which are relevant to their practice. But is not the same thing as an artist’s CV, which lists any training, qualifications, awards, exhibitions and publications in much the same way as a conventional résumé.
    • huge variety in the style and format of artists’ statements; some will sound convoluted and esoteric and others will be more down to earth.

    The Artist Statement (UCA)

    A good artist statement will support your professional practice, for example:

    • Giving brief information to support an exhibition or catalogue
    • Submitting a proposal
    • Applying for a grant

    It should be:

    • Concise
    • Effective in communicating the details you wish to emphasize
    • Written in the first person
    • Written primarily in the present tense

    It should be adaptable in order to take into account:

    • Your audience
    • Your purpose or motivation for writing it

    It might contain information on:

    What your motivation is for the work you do:

    • What issues are you exploring and why?
    • What concepts, themes or convictions underpin your work?
    • How do your life experiences influence your work
    • How does your personality influence your work?
    • How have your ideas developed?

    The techniques and materials you use:

    •  How and why did you choose them?
    • What scale do you work in?
    • Do you have a particular process of working?
    • Do you intend to explore other techniques or materials?

    Your background:

    • Are you a student or a practicing artist?
    • Details of your educational history if you feel it appropriate
    • Have you contributed to any prestigious shows or events?

    How you contextualise your work:

    • Where do you feel you fit into the Contemporary Art World?
    • Does your work challenge the work of others?
    • Have you appropriated or referred to the work of others?
    • Your goals and aspirations and to what extent you have realised them
    • Personal reflections on your work

    Artists statements from other photographers

    Many photographers do not have artists’ statements on websites. They have a fairly straight biography, then either let the images speak for themselves, or put short text for each series of images and/or include interviews and articles where they talk about their aims and methods in some depth.

    Michael Tsegaye: – has a very short and succinct artist’s statement. Then informative overviews of his different portfolios. See post: Michael Tsegaye rough notes

    Nii Obodai – a biography and ‘meaning’ statement. All in the third person – I think this makes things less direct and more flowery. See post: Nii Obodai rough notes

    Mathua Mateka – quite a long artists’ statement with a lot of personal information that may or may not be relevant to understanding his photography. See post: Mathua Mateka rough notes.

    Emeka Okerere – another long one in third person. See post: Emeka Okerere rough notes.

    Paul Shambroom : very short, in 3rd person and mostly about his achievements rather than what he is trying to do. More of a biography.

    Alec Soth – example of understatement (in the knowledge that he is already famous!) Nothing about his approach or underlying aims.

    Jorma Puranen’s introduction to Imaginary Homecoming  cited in the coursebook is no longer at the link given. The definition of landscape:

    “A landscape is speechless. Day by day, its only idiom is the sensory
    experience afforded by the biological reality, the weather conditions, and the actions that take place in the environment. However, we can also assume that a landscape has another dimension: the potential but invisible field of possibilities nourished by everyday perceptions, lived experiences, different histories, narratives and fantasies. In fact, any understanding of landscape entails a succession of distinct moments and different points of view. The layeredness of landscape, in other words, forms part of our own projection. Every landscape is also a mental landscape.” (Jorma Puranen,1999, Foreword to Imaginary Homecoming, Oulu: Pohjoinen)

     

    5.6 My Own Artist’s Statement

  • Artists’ statements

    Exercise 5.7 Prepare your artist’s statement

    An artist’s statement is sometimes referred to as a ‘statement of intent’. It can be seen as a marketing device, or simply as a means of describing practitioners’ interests. They:

    • vary in terms of their length and the details they cover.
    • may relate to a specific body of work or it may talk about practice more generally. probably contains information about any training (art college or other qualifications or experience relevant to their practice) and prizes, grants or awards that the artist has won, which are relevant to their practice. But is not the same thing as an artist’s CV, which lists any training, qualifications, awards, exhibitions and publications in much the same way as a conventional résumé.
    • huge variety in the style and format of artists’ statements; some will sound convoluted and esoteric and others will be more down to earth.

    The Artist Statement (UCA)

    A good artist statement will support your professional practice, for example:

    • Giving brief information to support an exhibition or catalogue
    • Submitting a proposal
    • Applying for a grant

    It should be:

    • Concise
    • Effective in communicating the details you wish to emphasize
    • Written in the first person
    • Written primarily in the present tense

    It should be adaptable in order to take into account:

    • Your audience
    • Your purpose or motivation for writing it

    It might contain information on:

    What your motivation is for the work you do:

    • What issues are you exploring and why?
    • What concepts, themes or convictions underpin your work?
    • How do your life experiences influence your work
    • How does your personality influence your work?
    • How have your ideas developed?

    The techniques and materials you use:

    •  How and why did you choose them?
    • What scale do you work in?
    • Do you have a particular process of working?
    • Do you intend to explore other techniques or materials?

    Your background:

    • Are you a student or a practicing artist?
    • Details of your educational history if you feel it appropriate
    • Have you contributed to any prestigious shows or events?

    How you contextualise your work:

    • Where do you feel you fit into the Contemporary Art World?
    • Does your work challenge the work of others?
    • Have you appropriated or referred to the work of others?
    • Your goals and aspirations and to what extent you have realised them
    • Personal reflections on your work

    Examples from coursebook

    On the front page of Alec Soth’s website he writes:

    “My name is Alec Soth (rhymes with ‘both’). I live in Minnesota. I like to
    take pictures and make books. I also have a business called Little Brown
    Mushroom.” (http://alecsoth.com/photography)

    This is clearly very understated, perhaps even flippant, and it takes a reputation that precedes oneself to be able to write something as laconic as this! Often, an artist’s statement is written by another person (or is designed to sound as if it is by being written in the third person), which adds gravitas.

    Jorma Puranen’s introduction to Imaginary Homecoming is somewhat more convoluted,
    although it provides a thoughtful definition of landscape:

    “A landscape is speechless. Day by day, its only idiom is the sensory
    experience afforded by the biological reality, the weather conditions, and
    the actions that take place in the environment. However, we can also
    assume that a landscape has another dimension: the potential but invisible
    field of possibilities nourished by everyday perceptions, lived experiences,
    different histories, narratives and fantasies. In fact, any understanding of
    landscape entails a succession of distinct moments and different points
    of view. The layeredness of landscape, in other words, forms part of our
    own projection. Every landscape is also a mental landscape.” (Jorma Puranen,1999, Foreword to Imaginary Homecoming, Oulu: Pohjoinen)

    This statement about the work of Ola Kolehmainen is a good example of how a method of
    presentation is linked to the concept of the work:

  • Denotation and connotation

    Denotation and connotation
    What level of denotation/connotation will your image have? You looked at this earlier in Part
    One in relation to Dorothea Lange’s image of the migrant mother.
    To give an example:
    • There are over 200 non-UK players in the Football League (negative – local players are
    being squeezed out).
    • There are 200 EU players in the Football League (neutral – bald fact).
    • There are only 200 EU players in the Football league. (positive – there could be many more).
    Project Altruism in practice

    The same information – 200 players – but a different inference depending on how you ‘spin’ it.
    And that’s just from the perspective of the football fan concerned for the future of the England
    team. Each of these statements would connote something quite different to a European player
    keen to play in the UK. And so it is with images. Small changes to an image can affect the
    meaning quite significantly and the same image will connote different things to viewers
    approaching it from a different cultural perspective.
    Skilled practitioners can bring a different sense to the images they offer, not by dramatic change
    but through viewpoint, composition and the content that they decide to deliver.
    Re-visit the case study on Lange’s Migrant Mother in your course reader and note the difference
    between it and other images from the shoot. Make notes on what each image denotes and what
    it connotes.

  • Documentary Integrity and Truth

    Being there

    How will you operate as a photographer?

    Will you ask permission or will you be a fly on the wall,
    a ghost who never affects the image? This is a major question relevant to your production ethics.
    If you tell people what you’re doing, then they’ll react differently to you; they may be guarded or
    wary of how you’ll portray them.

    Photographers who lived with the communities they were photographing:

    • Chris Killip with the sea coal gatherers in the North East
      of England
    • Martin Parr with the people of Hebden Bridge in Yorkshire.
    • Bruce Davidson has done a similar thing in New York.

    This is very different to the approach of Garry Winogrand or Cartier-Bresson, neither of whom interfered or announced their presence. Winogrand operated like a ghost but got quite close to the action to produce his wide-angle views, whereas Cartier-Bresson
    remained peripheral, on the edge, trying not to be important to the subject.

    Truth
    This is a big one for the social documentary practitioner. The image has to have integrity – it has to be honest and factual in order to validate it for the viewer as an accurate portrayal. This is arguably where the boundary lies between social documentary and photojournalism where the image has more of an editorial purpose. In photojournalism the choice of photographer and the style of image-making will always have to suit the editorial nature of the publication and this is perhaps a bridge too far for the documentary photographer. Most documentary photographers would have no objection to any magazine or media publishing their documentary images provided that they were published as the photographer intended the viewer to see them, not cropped or enhanced.

    Kendall Walton ‘Transparent Pictures’

    ‘Ambiguities and discontinuities’  Berger & Mohr 1995 p91.

    Bazin

    For the first time, between the originating object and its reproduction there intervenes only the instrumentality of a non-living agent. For the first time an image of the world is formed automatically, without the creative intervention of man…in spite of any objections our critical spirit may offer, we are forced to accept as real the existence of the object reproduced, actually, re-presented…’

    The Ontology of the Photographic Image 1945

    Sekula

    If we accept the fundamental premise that information is the outcome of a culturally determined relationship, then we can no longer ascribe an intrinsic or universal meaning to the photographic image.

    On the Invention of Photographic Meaning 1997 p454

  • Reality and hyperreality

    This is a practice-based course so we won’t be going into detail about the nature of truth,
    hermeneutics, reality and hyperreality. What follows is a very brief summary. However you may
    want to research some of these areas for yourself. You could start by looking at some of the titles
    in the reading list at the end of this course guide.
    We all feel that we’re aware of reality but what is ‘real’? If you live in a desert region perhaps
    access to a tap with fresh clean water within five minutes walk is fantasy. This is not the world
    of the suburb where everyone has several taps of their own. Therefore one person’s reality and
    normality is not that of another. The freedom to travel is a reality for most of us, but not in
    all countries. As a tourist it’s possible to travel from region to region in Cuba but for a Cuban
    national it isn’t – unless you’ve got the correct paperwork. If we see a travel programme on
    TV we see a reality for the tourist, for the paying visitor, a valued source of national income.
    There may be many issues that are a reality of life in the countries we visit that we’re not aware
    of and wouldn’t like if we were. This is not to say that there is a judgment to be made by us.
    As a tourist with a completely different set of values that underpin your reality, how can you
    make such a judgment? This is where the photographer living within a society must start to
    consider the nature of the imagery that is produced. How will it portray the subject – in reality
    or hyperreality?
    Philosophers and critics talk about hyperreality where the human mind can’t distinguish reality
    from a simulation of reality. Hyperreality is what our consciousness defines as ‘real’ in a situation
    where media shape or filter an original event or experience. In other words, it’s ‘reality by proxy’.
    As photographers we need to understand where we are with the images we produce in terms
    of their reality. Is the image reality, a representation of reality or a simulation of reality? Jean
    Photography 2 Gesture and Meaning 47
    Baudrillard (1929–2007) was a French philosopher who addressed hyperreality and who talked
    about the nature of reality in terms of simulacra and simulation.
    The link below will take you to an interview that discusses simulacra and simulation. It talks
    about the destabilisation of the media and our ability to identify what’s real and what’s not real.
    www.youtube.com/watch?v=80osUvkFIzI
    In a nutshell, simulation is the process whereby representations of things come to replace
    the things being represented and indeed become more important than the real thing. At the
    extreme, you end up with a simulacrum which has no relation to reality. So an image may:
    • truly reflect of reality
    • mask and pervert reality
    • mask the absence of reality
    • bear no relation to any reality – it is its own simulacrum.
    We need to be careful to avoid simulation lest we engage with hyperreality as a reality without
    recognising its values.
    Jorge Louis Borges (1899–1986) in his work An Exactitude of Science (1946) describes
    hyperreality as “a condition in which ‘reality’ has been replaced by simulacra.” Borges felt that
    language had nothing to do with reality. Reality is a combination of perceptions, emotions,
    facts, feeling, whereas language is a series of structured rules that we need to obey to help
    others perceive our reality. The same is true of visual language.
    Baudrillard argues that today we only experience prepared realities – edited war footage,
    meaningless acts of terrorism, the Jerry Springer Show:
    “The very definition of the real has become: that of which it is possible to give
    an equivalent reproduction… The real is not only what can be reproduced,
    but that which is always already reproduced: that is the hyperreal… which
    is entirely in simulation. Illusion is no longer possible, because the real is no
    longer possible.”
    Baudrillard argues that we must attain an understanding of our state of perception and the
    message content that is communicated in terms of the images we construct. Even if we see it as
    a straight record of what we saw on the day, can this be a reality and, if so, for whom?
    48 Photography 2 Gesture and Meaning
    Documentary photographers are entering a new age with a new set of criteria. The issue of
    technical quality is not relevant. Images from mobile phones that capture the ‘moment’ will
    be printed by newspapers if the image tells the story. Where then is the need for a bag full of
    cameras and kit? In a new age of photography the documentarist will need to engage with the
    issue of hyperreality by establishing credibility, motivation and integrity. The reputation or name
    is then the status giver, the endorser of reality and truth to the images produced and offered to
    the media and the public.

  • Landscape as a Call to Action

    Photography, and the manipulation of photographs, is often used to highlight and raise political questions. Landscape photography in particular is often used in environmental activism – images of environmental degradation, urban squalor. In NGO advertising (eg GreenPeace) photographs are often manipulated to juxtapose elements that are then countered by a caption.

    • Peter Kennard produces explicit political photomontage in the dadaist tradition linked to political campaigning organisations – for example his ‘Hay Wain with Cruise Missiles’ (1980)
    • Edward Burtynsky produces large-format photographs of industrial landscapes altered by industry – an ‘industrial sublime’ creating tension between awe-inspiring beauty and the compromised environments he depicts.
    • Mitch Epstein also uses large format, but less ‘beautiful’ images that do not aim to convey a specific message, and are more documentary in juxtaposing complex narratives.
    • Dana Lixenberg in works like the Last Days of Shishmaref uses landscape and portrait photography alongside working with environmentalists and local activists to produce powerful participatory social documentary.
    • Ikka Halso uses digital montage, including 3D, to build dystopian landscapes that raise questions about the ways in which human beings are attempting to control nature.

    Exercise 3.4: A persuasive image